{
  "dataset": "Seoul Pulse daily archive",
  "date": "2026-09-01",
  "timezone": "Asia/Seoul",
  "snapshots": 46,
  "observed": {
    "first": "12:05 KST",
    "last": "23:15 KST"
  },
  "generated_at": "2026-09-04T12:30:19.029Z",
  "zones_monitored": 44,
  "highlights": [
    "In the evening, between 21:00–22:00 KST, Sinchon & Ewha had the highest share of people in their 20s among 44 monitored zones, 45.5%.",
    "Yeouido drew the largest crowd, about 165,000 people between 12:00–13:00 KST.",
    "Card activity was strongest in Myeongdong between 12:00–13:00 KST, about 1442 taps per reading.",
    "Across the monitored zones the day peaked between 14:00–15:00 KST with about 1,147,000 people; the evening peak came between 18:00–19:00 with about 1,001,000.",
    "The busiest zone was Yeouido until 21:00, Hongdae from 21:00."
  ],
  "crowd": {
    "leader": {
      "zone": "Yeouido",
      "people": 165000,
      "hour": "12:00–13:00 KST"
    },
    "top5": [
      {
        "zone": "Yeouido",
        "people": 165000,
        "hour": "12:00–13:00 KST"
      },
      {
        "zone": "Myeongdong",
        "people": 102500,
        "hour": "13:00–14:00 KST"
      },
      {
        "zone": "Gangnam Station",
        "people": 85500,
        "hour": "13:00–14:00 KST"
      },
      {
        "zone": "Hongdae",
        "people": 80500,
        "hour": "18:00–19:00 KST"
      },
      {
        "zone": "Jamsil",
        "people": 60500,
        "hour": "17:00–18:00 KST"
      }
    ]
  },
  "age_leaders": {
    "20s": {
      "zone": "Sinchon & Ewha",
      "share": 45.5,
      "hour": "21:00–22:00 KST"
    },
    "30s": {
      "zone": "Gangnam (COEX)",
      "share": 28.6,
      "hour": "12:00–13:00 KST"
    },
    "40s": {
      "zone": "Gwanghwamun & Deoksugung",
      "share": 26.5,
      "hour": "12:00–13:00 KST"
    },
    "50s": {
      "zone": "Gwanghwamun & Deoksugung",
      "share": 20.2,
      "hour": "17:00–18:00 KST"
    },
    "60s": {
      "zone": "Dongdaemun",
      "share": 15.1,
      "hour": "13:00–14:00 KST"
    }
  },
  "age_leaders_evening": {
    "20s": {
      "zone": "Sinchon & Ewha",
      "share": 45.5,
      "hour": "21:00–22:00 KST"
    },
    "30s": {
      "zone": "Itaewon",
      "share": 27.7,
      "hour": "20:00–21:00 KST"
    },
    "40s": {
      "zone": "Gwanghwamun & Deoksugung",
      "share": 26.2,
      "hour": "18:00–19:00 KST"
    },
    "50s": {
      "zone": "Gwanghwamun & Deoksugung",
      "share": 19.6,
      "hour": "19:00–20:00 KST"
    },
    "60s": {
      "zone": "Seochon",
      "share": 13.5,
      "hour": "23:00–00:00 KST"
    }
  },
  "gender_leaders": {
    "women": {
      "zone": "Express Bus Terminal",
      "share": 67.5,
      "hour": "14:00–15:00 KST"
    },
    "men": {
      "zone": "Ikseon-dong",
      "share": 58.7,
      "hour": "22:00–23:00 KST"
    }
  },
  "spending_leaders": {
    "overall": {
      "zone": "Myeongdong",
      "taps_per_reading": 1442,
      "hour": "12:00–13:00 KST"
    },
    "food": null,
    "shopping": null,
    "beauty": null,
    "leisure": null,
    "medical": null
  },
  "peaks": {
    "day": {
      "hour": "14:00–15:00 KST",
      "people": 1146850
    },
    "evening": {
      "hour": "18:00–19:00 KST",
      "people": 1000913
    }
  },
  "busiest_zone_by_hour": [
    {
      "hour": "12:00–13:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "13:00–14:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "14:00–15:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "15:00–16:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "16:00–17:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "17:00–18:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "18:00–19:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "19:00–20:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "20:00–21:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "21:00–22:00 KST",
      "zone": "Hongdae"
    },
    {
      "hour": "22:00–23:00 KST",
      "zone": "Hongdae"
    },
    {
      "hour": "23:00–00:00 KST",
      "zone": "Hongdae"
    }
  ],
  "previous_same_weekday": null,
  "publication": {
    "indexed": false,
    "coverage_ok": false,
    "uniqueness_signals": 3
  },
  "limitations": [
    "Updated approximately every 15 minutes; each reading describes the city about 15 minutes earlier.",
    "Card activity reflects an aggregated bank sample published by the city, not all Seoul transactions.",
    "Small samples are suppressed; a zone needs enough people or taps in an hour to be ranked.",
    "Age and gender are separate distributions; no age × gender inference is made."
  ],
  "source": "Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government open data (KOGL Type 1), aggregated by Deal Labs.",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 for these published aggregates; attribution \"Data by DealSeoul · Deal Labs\".",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Deal Labs",
    "url": "https://deallabs.net",
    "site": "https://dealseoul.com/pulse"
  }
}