{
  "dataset": "Seoul Pulse daily archive",
  "date": "2026-09-03",
  "timezone": "Asia/Seoul",
  "snapshots": 96,
  "observed": {
    "first": "00:00 KST",
    "last": "23:45 KST"
  },
  "generated_at": "2026-09-04T12:28:07.346Z",
  "zones_monitored": 44,
  "highlights": [
    "In the evening, between 22:00–23:00 KST, Sinchon & Ewha had the highest share of people in their 20s among 44 monitored zones, 46.6%.",
    "Yeouido drew the largest crowd, about 168,000 people between 12:00–13:00 KST.",
    "Shopping card activity was strongest in Yeouido between 12:00–13:00 KST (about 134 taps per reading); food in Myeongdong between 12:00–13:00 (about 1413).",
    "Across the monitored zones the day peaked between 13:00–14:00 KST with about 1,193,000 people; the evening peak came between 18:00–19:00 with about 1,056,000.",
    "The busiest zone was Hongdae until 05:00, Yeouido from 05:00, Hongdae again from 21:00."
  ],
  "crowd": {
    "leader": {
      "zone": "Yeouido",
      "people": 167500,
      "hour": "12:00–13:00 KST"
    },
    "top5": [
      {
        "zone": "Yeouido",
        "people": 167500,
        "hour": "12:00–13:00 KST"
      },
      {
        "zone": "Myeongdong",
        "people": 103750,
        "hour": "13:00–14:00 KST"
      },
      {
        "zone": "Gangnam Station",
        "people": 87000,
        "hour": "13:00–14:00 KST"
      },
      {
        "zone": "Hongdae",
        "people": 83000,
        "hour": "18:00–19:00 KST"
      },
      {
        "zone": "Jamsil",
        "people": 66000,
        "hour": "18:00–19:00 KST"
      }
    ]
  },
  "age_leaders": {
    "20s": {
      "zone": "Sinchon & Ewha",
      "share": 46.8,
      "hour": "00:00–01:00 KST"
    },
    "30s": {
      "zone": "Gangnam (COEX)",
      "share": 28.6,
      "hour": "10:00–11:00 KST"
    },
    "40s": {
      "zone": "Myeongdong",
      "share": 27.7,
      "hour": "08:00–09:00 KST"
    },
    "50s": {
      "zone": "Gwanghwamun & Deoksugung",
      "share": 24.7,
      "hour": "07:00–08:00 KST"
    },
    "60s": {
      "zone": "Myeongdong",
      "share": 17.6,
      "hour": "05:00–06:00 KST"
    }
  },
  "age_leaders_evening": {
    "20s": {
      "zone": "Sinchon & Ewha",
      "share": 46.6,
      "hour": "22:00–23:00 KST"
    },
    "30s": {
      "zone": "Songnidan-gil",
      "share": 28,
      "hour": "23:00–00:00 KST"
    },
    "40s": {
      "zone": "Gwanghwamun & Deoksugung",
      "share": 25.7,
      "hour": "18:00–19:00 KST"
    },
    "50s": {
      "zone": "Namdaemun Market",
      "share": 19.7,
      "hour": "18:00–19:00 KST"
    },
    "60s": {
      "zone": "Seochon",
      "share": 13.5,
      "hour": "23:00–00:00 KST"
    }
  },
  "gender_leaders": {
    "women": {
      "zone": "Express Bus Terminal",
      "share": 68.3,
      "hour": "13:00–14:00 KST"
    },
    "men": {
      "zone": "Insadong",
      "share": 61.7,
      "hour": "07:00–08:00 KST"
    }
  },
  "spending_leaders": {
    "overall": {
      "zone": "Myeongdong",
      "taps_per_reading": 1617,
      "hour": "12:00–13:00 KST"
    },
    "food": {
      "zone": "Myeongdong",
      "taps_per_reading": 1413,
      "hour": "12:00–13:00 KST"
    },
    "shopping": {
      "zone": "Yeouido",
      "taps_per_reading": 134,
      "hour": "12:00–13:00 KST"
    },
    "beauty": null,
    "leisure": {
      "zone": "Gangnam Station",
      "taps_per_reading": 92,
      "hour": "19:00–20:00 KST"
    },
    "medical": {
      "zone": "Gangnam Station",
      "taps_per_reading": 55,
      "hour": "15:00–16:00 KST"
    }
  },
  "peaks": {
    "day": {
      "hour": "13:00–14:00 KST",
      "people": 1193288
    },
    "evening": {
      "hour": "18:00–19:00 KST",
      "people": 1056363
    }
  },
  "busiest_zone_by_hour": [
    {
      "hour": "00:00–01:00 KST",
      "zone": "Hongdae"
    },
    {
      "hour": "01:00–02:00 KST",
      "zone": "Hongdae"
    },
    {
      "hour": "02:00–03:00 KST",
      "zone": "Hongdae"
    },
    {
      "hour": "03:00–04:00 KST",
      "zone": "Hongdae"
    },
    {
      "hour": "04:00–05:00 KST",
      "zone": "Hongdae"
    },
    {
      "hour": "05:00–06:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "06:00–07:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "07:00–08:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "08:00–09:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "09:00–10:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "10:00–11:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "11:00–12:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "12:00–13:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "13:00–14:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "14:00–15:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "15:00–16:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "16:00–17:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "17:00–18:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "18:00–19:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "19:00–20:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "20:00–21:00 KST",
      "zone": "Yeouido"
    },
    {
      "hour": "21:00–22:00 KST",
      "zone": "Hongdae"
    },
    {
      "hour": "22:00–23:00 KST",
      "zone": "Hongdae"
    },
    {
      "hour": "23:00–00:00 KST",
      "zone": "Hongdae"
    }
  ],
  "previous_same_weekday": null,
  "publication": {
    "indexed": true,
    "coverage_ok": true,
    "uniqueness_signals": 4
  },
  "limitations": [
    "Updated approximately every 15 minutes; each reading describes the city about 15 minutes earlier.",
    "Card activity reflects an aggregated bank sample published by the city, not all Seoul transactions.",
    "Small samples are suppressed; a zone needs enough people or taps in an hour to be ranked.",
    "Age and gender are separate distributions; no age × gender inference is made."
  ],
  "source": "Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government open data (KOGL Type 1), aggregated by Deal Labs.",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0 for these published aggregates; attribution \"Data by DealSeoul · Deal Labs\".",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Deal Labs",
    "url": "https://deallabs.net",
    "site": "https://dealseoul.com/pulse"
  }
}